Define map : A map is a graphic representation of the features on the Earth
Surface.
It is, therefore a storehouse of spatial
information, commonly used to evaluate the topologic and metric properties of
the geographic features on a map, distance, direction, connectivity and
proximity.These attributes enable us to identify the spatial patterns of
association of the geographical features.Thus a map conveys two fundamental
properties location and attributes at location.
Definition of land use map:
Land use capability maps are maps created to
represent the potential uses of a "unit" of land. They are measured
using various indicators, although the most common are five physical factors
(rock type, soil type, slope, erosion degree and type, and vegetation). In more
scientific terms, these can be classed as lithology, edaphology, topography, gradient,
and biotic features.
Land use capability maps must not be confused with land use maps. The former shows the potential uses (usually in relation to farming) whilst the latter shows the actual use for the land at the present time.
Land use capability maps must not be confused with land use maps. The former shows the potential uses (usually in relation to farming) whilst the latter shows the actual use for the land at the present time.
Definition of land cover map:
“The terms land use and
land cover is often used interchangeably, but each term has its own unique
meaning. Land cover–refers to the characteristics and surface cover of Earths
Surface, as represented by natural elements like vegetation, water, bare earth,
impervious surface and other physical features of the land.”
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| Land Use & Land Cover Map in India |
Geographic component color viewing list in
land use and land cover map:
✓Agriculture land ----- Foliage green
✓Garden -----
Green
✓road.
----- Red lines
✓wasteland.
----- Grey
✓settle land ----- Red
√River.
----- Blue
✓Rail lines
----- Black
✓Desert plant ----- Grey.
Why it is importance in geographic study:
According to meyer W.B. , (1995) every parcel of land on the earth surface is unique in the cover
it prossesses. Land use and land cover are distinct yet closely linked
characteristics of the earth surface. The use to which we put land could be
grazing, agriculture, urban development, logging,and mining among many others.
While land cover categories could be cropland, forest,wet land, pasture, roads,
urban areas among others.
The city is undoubtedly one of the most striking
expressions of contemporary,or indeed or any civilization. It completely
dominates the region in which it lies and in that sense the word may be
envisaged as becoming increasingly a collection of towards and cities and the
regions they serve and upon which they depend cities are both places and the
sum of the people living in them, therefore while their study is very essence
of human geography.
Components of land use map:
- Land use includes water,grass
land, forest,bare soil etc.
Components of land cover map:Land cover includes agriculture land, recreation area, built up
land , etc.
- Utility of land use and land cover map:
Need for land use map :The surface of the
Earth is continuously changing at many levels; local, regional, national, and
global scales. Changes in land use and land cover are pervasive, rapid, and can
have significant impacts for people, the economy, and the environment. Among
the organizations that will benefit from the information derived from land
cover solutions are:
A.
Need for land use map:
- Now a days due to rapid growth in urbanization and
industrialization,there is increasing pressure on land ,wà ter,and
environment. Urban sprawl may be found everywhere in major cities.
- There are many problems related with conversion of
agriculture land into urban use. Every city is expanding in all directions
resulting in large-scale changes in urban land use.
B. Land cover and land use:
- Land cover is that which covers
the surface of the earth and land use describes how the land cover is
modified.
- Land cover includes agriculture
land, recreation area, built up land,etc.
- Land use includes water,grass
land, forest,bare soil etc.
C.The function of land use map:
- To make property maps and to do
settlement.
- To conduct topographic survey
for infrastructure development.
- To keep database records
related to property.
- To evaluate the property value.
- To divide the property in case
of disputes.
- To work with board of revenue ,
public works department, utility companies etc.
Conventional methods:
A.chains to measure distance
B.old mechanical Theodolite
C.vernier Theodolite
D.paper maps.
Etc .
Disadvantages of using
conventional method:
- Chains data can be taken only
in perpendicular direction, while actually land / field of zig zag shape.
- Chain data is always in
accurate.The land cost of today demands a more accurate method.
- Attribute data for a field can
not be attached on a paper map.
- Decision making process using
old paper maps becomes very cumbersome and some time it leads to wrong
decision.
E. Modern Methods:
1.Making a map using
coordinates rather than by angles and distance.
2.Area computation can
be done using total stations as well as GPS then and there itself.
3.using total stations
and mapping software the maps can be created automatically.
4. Maps at any scale
can be created because of availablity of data in electronic format.
5. A full-fledged GIS
can be generated so that just be click of a key all the attributes
corresponding to a land piece can be obtained .
F.Advantages of modern methods:
- Conventional survey methods are
very tedious and time consuming.
- Large number of measurement are
required to prepare a map
- Automated survey Techniques are
simpler and easy to record survey measurement.
G. Automated surveying Technology:
- Automatic and laser level
- Total stations
- Global positioning system (GPS)
- Photogrammetric survey
- Remote sensing Method (RS)
H. Ground based Techniques limitations and advantages of satellite
based Techniques:
1.In conventional survey
all the field values are to be noted down in the field book and plotting is
done manually in the office.
2.In GPS based surveys ,
the GPS receiver records the satellite Signal. GPS receiver can be attached to
computer and automatically plots the maps .
References:
1.practical Geography
_ Ashish sarkar
Awesome page
ReplyDeleteVery good initiative.
ReplyDeleteVery good ..
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